Association studies of genetic variants and obesity and/or obesity-related risk factors have yielded contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to determine the possible association of five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the IGF2, LEPR, POMC, PPARG, and PPARGC1 genes with obesity or obesity-related risk phenotypes. This case-control study assessed overweight (n=192) and normal-weight (n=211) children and adolescents. The SNPs were analyzed using minisequencing assays, and variables and genotype distributions between the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for selected phenotype risks in each group. No difference in SNP distribution was observed between groups. In children, POMC rs28932472(C) was associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (P=0.001), higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P=0.014), and higher risk in overweight children of altered total cholesterol (OR=7.35, P=0.006). In adolescents, IGF2 rs680(A) was associated with higher glucose (P=0.012) and higher risk in overweight adolescents for altered insulin (OR=10.08, P=0.005) and homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (OR=6.34, P=0.010). PPARG rs1801282(G) conferred a higher risk of altered insulin (OR=12.31, P=0.003), and HOMA-IR (OR=7.47, P=0.005) in overweight adolescents. PARGC1 rs8192678(A) was associated with higher triacylglycerols (P=0.005), and LEPR rs1137101(A) was marginally associated with higher LDL cholesterol (P=0.017). LEPR rs1137101(A) conferred higher risk for altered insulin, and HOMA-IR in overweight adolescents. The associations observed in this population suggested increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and/or type 2 diabetes later in life for individuals carrying these alleles.

O momento atual sugere programas de qualidade para laboratórios. Assim formas de controle e identificação de variações e valores "aberrantes" se mostram cada vez mais necessárias. Este trabalho demonstra o emprego de estatística exploratória através desenhos esquemáticos ("boxplots"), bastante simples, com intuito de identificar comportamento "aberrante" em análises de proteínas e cinzas, em duplicatas para 30 de farinhas de trigo integral diferentes, podendo ser generalizado para triplicatas ou qualquer outro número de replicações. Os métodos empregados para proteínas e cinzas foram, respectivamente, Kjeldahl (semi-micro) e incineração. Foram obtidos limite inferior de 12,89% e superior de 15,08% para proteínas no conjunto dos 60 resultados, bem como limite inferior de 1,35% e limite superior de 1,99% para cinzas. Não houve valores "aberrantes" nos resultados para proteínas ou cinzas. No entanto, para as diferenças em valor absoluto entre duplicatas de cada farinha foram obtidos limite inferior de 0,010% e superior de 0,295% para proteínas, enquanto limite inferior de 0,01% e limite superior de 0,19% para cinzas. Foram "aberrantes" 2 (duas) diferenças para proteínas, correspondentes às farinhas 2 e 8, com valores 0,40 e 0,31%, enquanto que 3 (três) diferenças para cinzas nas farinhas 9, 15 e 16, com valores 0,21, 0,26 e 0,39%. Estas farinhas, cujas diferenças se mostraram "aberrantes", deverão ser novamente analisadas e nenhum valor, "aberrante" ou não, deve ser imediatamente descartado

Nowadays quality programs have been receiving great attention, so methods and techniques for control and identify variations and outliers are being needed more and more. This paper shows the use of boxplots, very simple, to identify outliers in measures of protein and ash on doubles of 30 wheat flours. The same approach in this article may be used in any other material, analysis and number of repetitions. Were employed Kjeldahl (half micro) for protein and incineration for ashes. The results of protein (60 observations) showed lower and upper limits 12.89 and 15.08%, and the limits for ashes were 1.35 and 1.99%. There were no outliers for protein and ashes. Nevertheless, refering to the absolute value of the differences between the doubles in the 30 flours, the lower limit for protein was 0.010 and the upper was 0.295%, while those limits for ashes were 0.01 and 0.19%. Two outliers in the differences for protein were identified, corresponding to flours 2 and 8 with values 0.40 and 0.31, while three outliers in the differences for ashes were identified, wich corresponded to flours 9, 15 and 16, with values 0.21, 0.26 and 0.39%. Those flours whose differences were found being outliers must be analysed again and no value, outlier or not, must be dismissed.